1. Here action theory is not meant in any technical sense, and is not strictly intended to correspond only with theories of agency. It is simply intended to include any theory which takes action as essentially relevant.

2. I am here using Brandom’s terms; where Realm of Nature simply includes the language of fact, description, cause, etc., and Realm of Freedom includes the language of norm, evaluation, practice, and so on. See Robert Brandom, “Freedom and Constraint by Norms.” (American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.16, No.3, July 1979) p.192.

3. Brandom, p.192 and note 10.

4. Paraphrased from Brandom, pp.190-191.

5. Brandom, p.191.

6. Brandom notes, “By translating, rather than causally explaining some performance, we extend our community (the one which engages in the social practices into which we translate the stranger’s behavior) so as to include the stranger, and treat his performances as variants of our own.” p.191.

7. Brandom, p.194.

8. Brandom, pp.195-196.

9. See Brandom, p.193 (bottom).